Hister

Hister (genitive Histri) is the Latin name for the Danube (especially its lower course), or for the people living along its banks.

It also appears as Ister, equivalent to the Ancient Greek Ἴστρος (Istros), which also meant the Danube or the region around its mouth. The Ancient Greek colony of Histria in today's Romania was named using this form of the river's name.

The term may be related to the name of the region Istria in what is now northwestern Croatia, where a tribe called the Histri lived in ancient times. Some once thought that the local freshwater streams in Istria derived from a (non-existent) southward branch of the Danube.

In modern English the term is most commonly encountered in its use by Nostradamus, especially in a phrase at quatrain II.24 commonly translated "most of the battle (or armies) will be against Hister":


 * Bestes farouches de faim fluves tranner:
 * Plus part du camp encontre Hister sera,
 * En caige de fer le grand fera treisner,
 * Quand Rin enfant Germain observera.
 * [Nostradamus, Les Propheties, first printing 1555]

or, in English:
 * Beasts wild with hunger shall cross the rivers:
 * Most of the fighting shall be close by the Hister [Danube],
 * It shall result in the great one being dragged in an iron cage,
 * While the Rhine child of Germany will observe.

This is often interpreted to be a prediction of the war against Adolf Hitler's Nazi state in the twentieth century. However, none of the reputable sources listed support this view. In fact all of them point out that the name 'Hister' (as Nostradamus himself explains in his Almanac for 1554 ) in fact refers in his writings to the Danube, being mentioned (as elsewhere ) alongside 'R[h]in' (Rhine) – two rivers that formed the north-eastern frontier of the ancient Roman Empire. Un bien sçavant homme dans ce dernier quart se pourmenant le long de la riviere Hister dite Danube, he writes at Prose Presage 222, la terre se parfondant, dans ladite riviere se perdra ('A very scholarly man during this last quarter, while walking along the river Hister known as Danube, the ground subsiding, in the said river shall be lost'). This is evidently based on a historical incident described by Nostradamus himself in his Traité des fardemens (Proem, p. 19, 1552), involving one Gaspar Ursinus Vellius consellier à Vienne en Austriche, qui un soir soy pourmenant le long du Danube la terre se fendit, & tumba & se nya ('a councillor at Vienna in Austria who one evening was walking along the Danube, the ground split apart and he fell in and was drowned'). Nevertheless, it has also been acknowledged that Hitler referred to the Danube as "the river of the future" and sought to use it to affirm control of "the heart of Europe." The Nazi Government also felt the raw minerals in the Danube area were vital to their goals of conquering sufficient "living space" in the Soviet Union. In 1936, Hitler oversaw the remilitarization of the Rhineland, which is located along the Rhine River area in western Germany.

The term iron cage later referred to a sociology concept developed by German sociologist Max Weber. Following World War I, Weber advised the committee which drafted Germany's ill-fated Weimar Constitution, which was still in force during Hitler's time in power. Despite being intended to create a stable parliamentary democracy for Germany, the Weimar Constitution failed at this objective. Article 48 also granted the emergency powers which aided Hitler's ability to establish authoritarian rule in Nazi Germany.